27th
April 2020 Syllabus
Pak Studies
Bengal
Partition 1905-1911
Introduction:-
Bengal was the largest province of British India comprising an area
of 189000 square miles. It included Bengal proper, Bihar, Orissa and Chota
Nagpur. It had a population of 80 million approx. Due to its vastness, every
British Governor General faced difficulty to run this administrative unit of
British India. Many administrators had already proposed partition of Bengal
before 1905. When Lord Curzon became viceroy of India in 1898, he started
considering about Partition of Bengal. At last, October 16, 1905 was the
historical day when Bengal was divided into two Provinces; East Bengal and West
Bengal. There was Muslim majority in East Bengal while Hindu Majority in West
Bengal. Muslims became happy with this step of British Govt. as they were
ignored before partitioning. Hindus became offensive and put a high pressure on
Govt. to
Causes of
Partition:- Here are some
causes which made Lord Curzon to divide Bengal into two provinces.
1. Vastness: The province was too large to be managed by one lieutenant Governor.
Bengal has an area of 189000 square miles and population more than 80 million.
For convenience, British Govt. decided partitioning of Bengal.
2. Lack of
Communication: Due to large
rivers and forests, communication system became flop in Bengal at that time.
Imposing Govt. orders became difficult. Head of Province faced difficulty in
check and balance of Police and Administration department due to poor
reporting.
3. Ethnical
Reason: People of West Bengal looked upon
people of East Bengal. They considered inferior to them. There was a huge
difference between their languages as well as religions. Due to these reasons,
revolts were common on different occasions. To reduce these causalities,
British took this step.
Muslims’
Reaction: Muslims welcomed partition of
Bengal due to following reasons:
·
It
gave more chance to Muslims to take part in administration
·
Muslims
would be free of Hindus dominance in all the fields.
·
Economically
and Culturally, Dacca would become capital of East Bengal which has Muslim
majority.
·
It
was expected with partitioning that Muslims would become strong in Politics and
in making local Govt.
·
Muslims’
influence would be increased in separate province.
Hindus
Response: Hindus accused that British Govt. deliberately
took this step in order to divide Bengal in two communities Hindu-Muslim. They
did not accept this partition as their influence on the region would be reduced
by partitioning. Hindus started a campaign against division due to following reasons:
·
It brightened
the future of Muslims which was not acceptable by Hindus.
·
Hindus
press made an offensive narrative against this step because their income would
low and Muslims’ press would originate and could compete with them
·
Muslims
became powerful in East Bengal. Before revolts assaulted Muslims but now,
Muslims became in majority which did not assumed by Hindus
Annulment of
Partition:
When
Lord Hardinage became Governor General of British India, Hindus became active
and sent delegations to him. Hindus convinced him to unite East and West Bengal
again. On the arrival of George V in India, he announced unification of Bengal
on 12th December 1911. Muslims became furious by this step.
Conclusion: The Muslims of India appreciated the step and became in favor of
British Govt. but soon the British gave in against the mounting pressure of
Hindus. But this was blessing in disguise for Muslims. They learnt to stand on their
own feet and started to organize themselves politically. At last they formed
their own Political party, All India Muslim League in Dhaka on December 1906.
Bengal Partition also became the first
seed of later partitioning India that resulted the formation of Pakistan.
Muslims realized the gravity of situation and had known that Hindus were not in
favor of Muslims and wanted Muslims to be in their influence. It was the cause
root of formation of Pakistan.
تعارف: -
بنگال
برطانوی ہندوستان کا سب سے بڑا صوبہ تھا جس کا رقبہ 189000 مربع میل پر مشتمل ہے۔
اس میں بنگال مناسب ، بہار ، اڑیسہ اور چھوٹا ناگپور شامل تھے۔ اس کی مجموعی آبادی
80 ملین تھی۔ اپنی وسعت کی وجہ سے ، ہر برطانوی گورنر جنرل کو برطانوی ہند کے اس
انتظامی یونٹ کو چلانے میں دشواری کا سامنا کرنا پڑتا تھا۔ بہت سے منتظمین نے پہلے
ہی 1905 سے پہلے بنگال کی تقسیم کی تجویز پیش کی تھی۔ جب لارڈ کرزن 1898 میں
ہندوستان کا وائسرائے بن گیا تو اس نے بنگال کی تقسیم کے بارے میں غور کرنا شروع
کیا۔ آخر میں ، 16 اکتوبر 1905 تاریخی دن تھا جب بنگال کو دو صوبوں میں تقسیم کیا
گیا تھا۔ مشرقی بنگال اور مغربی بنگال۔ مشرقی بنگال میں مسلم اکثریت تھی جبکہ
مغربی بنگال میں ہندو اکثریت۔ برطانوی حکومت کے اس اقدام سے مسلمان خوش ہوگئے۔
جیسا کہ تقسیم سے پہلے انہیں نظرانداز کیا گیا تھا۔ ہندو اشتعال انگیز ہوگئے اور
انہوں نے حکومت پر ایک دباؤ ڈالا۔ کرنے کے لئے
تقسیم کی وجوہات: - یہاں کچھ وجوہات ہیں جن کی وجہ سے لارڈ کرزن نے
بنگال کو دو صوبوں میں تقسیم کیا۔
1. فضول خرچی: ایک لیفٹیننٹ گورنر کے ذریعہ اس صوبے کا انتظام بہت
بڑا تھا۔ بنگال کا رقبہ 189000 مربع میل ہے اور اس کی مجموعی آبادی 80 ملین سے
زیادہ ہے۔ سہولت کے لئے ، برطانوی حکومت بنگال کی تقسیم کا فیصلہ کیا۔
Commun: مواصلات کی
کمی: بڑے دریاؤں اور جنگلات کی وجہ سے اس وقت بنگال میں مواصلاتی نظام فلاپ ہو گیا
تھا۔ حکومت مسلط کرنا احکامات مشکل ہو گئے۔ ناقص رپورٹنگ کی وجہ سے صوبہ کے سربراہ
کو پولیس اور انتظامیہ کے محکمہ کی جانچ پڑتال اور توازن میں مشکل کا سامنا کرنا
پڑا۔
E. نسلی وجہ:
مغربی بنگال کے لوگوں نے مشرقی بنگال کے لوگوں کو دیکھا۔ وہ ان سے کمتر سمجھے۔ ان
کی زبانوں کے ساتھ ساتھ مذاہب کے مابین بھی بہت فرق تھا۔ ان وجوہات کی بناء پر ،
مختلف مواقع پر بغاوتیں عام تھیں۔ ان ہلاکتوں کو کم کرنے کے لئے ، انگریزوں نے یہ
قدم اٹھایا۔
مسلمانوں کا رد عمل: مسلمانوں نے مندرجہ ذیل وجوہات کی بنا پر بنگال کی تقسیم کا خیرمقدم کیا:
• اس سے مسلمانوں کو انتظامیہ میں حصہ لینے کا زیادہ موقع ملا
• تمام شعبوں میں مسلمان ہندوؤں کے تسلط سے آزاد ہوں گے۔
• اقتصادی اور ثقافتی اعتبار سے ، ڈکا مشرقی بنگال کا دارالحکومت بن جائے گا جس میں مسلم اکثریت ہے۔
partition تقسیم کے ساتھ یہ توقع کی جارہی تھی کہ سیاست میں اور مقامی حکومت بنانے میں مسلمان مضبوط ہوں گے۔
separate مسلمانوں کے اثر و رسوخ کو الگ صوبے میں بڑھایا جائے گا۔
ہندوؤں کا جواب: ہندوؤں نے الزام لگایا کہ برطانوی حکومت بنگال کو دو جماعتوں ہندو مسلم میں تقسیم کرنے کے لئے جان بوجھ کر یہ قدم اٹھایا۔ انہوں نے اس تقسیم کو قبول نہیں کیا کیونکہ تقسیم کے ذریعے خطے پر ان کے اثر و رسوخ کم ہوجائیں گے۔ ہندوؤں نے مندرجہ ذیل وجوہات کی بنا پر تقسیم کے خلاف مہم کا آغاز کیا:
• اس نے مسلمانوں کا مستقبل روشن کیا جو ہندوؤں کو قبول نہیں تھا۔
• ہندو پریس نے اس اقدام کے خلاف ایک جارحانہ بیانیہ دیا کیونکہ ان کی آمدنی کم ہوگی اور مسلمانوں کا پریس شروع ہوگا اور ان کا مقابلہ کرسکتا ہے۔
East مشرقی بنگال میں مسلمان طاقت ور ہوگئے۔ اس سے پہلے کہ بغاوتوں نے مسلمانوں پر حملہ کیا لیکن اب ، مسلمان اکثریت میں ہو گئے جو ہندوؤں نے نہیں مانے تھے
تقسیم کا خاتمہ:
جب لارڈ ہارڈینیج برطانوی ہند کے گورنر جنرل بنے تو ہندو متحرک ہوگئے اور ان کے پاس وفود بھیجے۔ ہندوؤں نے اسے دوبارہ مشرقی اور مغربی بنگال کو متحد کرنے پر راضی کیا۔ جارج پنجم کی ہندوستان آمد پر ، اس نے 12 دسمبر 1911 کو بنگال کو یکجا کرنے کا اعلان کیا۔ اس اقدام سے مسلمان مشتعل ہوگئے۔
نتیجہ: ہندوستان کے مسلمانوں نے اس اقدام کو سراہا اور برطانوی حکومت کے حق میں ہوگئے۔ لیکن جلد ہی انگریزوں نے ہندوؤں کے بڑھتے ہوئے دباؤ کے خلاف ہار مان لی۔ لیکن یہ مسلمانوں کے بھیس میں ایک نعمت تھی۔ انہوں نے اپنے پیروں پر کھڑا ہونا سیکھا اور سیاسی طور پر خود کو منظم کرنا شروع کردیا۔ آخر کار انہوں نے دسمبر 1906 میں ڈھاکہ میں اپنی سیاسی جماعت ، آل انڈیا مسلم لیگ تشکیل دی۔
بنگال تقسیم بعد میں تقسیم ہند کا پہلا بیج بھی بنی جس کے نتیجے میں قیام پاکستان تشکیل پایا۔ مسلمانوں کو صورتحال کی کشش ثقل کا ادراک تھا اور وہ جان چکے تھے کہ ہندو مسلمانوں کے حق میں نہیں تھے اور وہ چاہتے ہیں کہ مسلمان ان کے زیر اثر رہیں۔ یہ قیام پاکستان کی اصل جڑ تھی۔
English
Also Read the
Rules of Direct Indirect from any Book then Practice the following exercises
Exercise 1
1. The host said to the guests, “The
meal is ready.”
Indirect: The host told the guests
that the meal was ready.
2. I said to Sana, “My brother has
stood first.”
Indirect: I told Sana that my
brother had stood first.
3. Aslam said, “I feel out of sorts
today.”
Indirect: Aslam told that he felt
out of sorts that day.
4. A wise man has said well, “Time
and tide never wait for anyone.”
Indirect: A wise man has said well
that time and tide never wait for anyone.
5. The teacher said to the boys,
“Health is a great blessing.”
Indirect: The teacher told the boys
that health is a great blessing.
6. My mother said, “My son, always
worship Allah.”
Indirect: My mother advised her son
to worship Allah always.
7. The speaker said, “Union is
strength.”
Indirect: The speaker said that
union is strength.
8. The master said to the servant in
anger, “You are not honest, therefore I shall dismiss you.”
Indirect: The master warned the
servant in anger that he was honest, therefore he would dismiss him.
9. All the boys shouted, “We cannot
solve such a difficult paper.”
Indirect: All the boys shouted that
they could not solve such a difficult paper.
10. The boy said to the teacher, “I
shall be grateful to you if you forgive me this time.”
Indirect: The boy requested to the
teacher that he would be grateful to him if he forgave him that time.
11. The teacher said, “You cannot
please everybody in the world.”
Indirect: The teacher told that you
cannot please everybody in the world.
12. The headmaster said to the boy,
“I shall give you severe punishment if you make a mischief again.”
Indirect: The headmaster warned the
boy that he would give him severe punishment if he made a mischief again.
13. The passenger said to the
tongawala, “Drop me near the post office.”
Indirect: The passenger told the
tongawala to drop him near the post office.
14. The customer said to the
shopkeeper, “You give short measure.”
Indirect: The customer told the shopkeeper
that he gave short measure.
15. The doctor felt the pulse of the
patient and said, “You have high fever, and you cough also.”
Indirect: The doctor felt the pulse
of the patient and told that he had high fever , and further told that he
coughed also.
16. The ox said to the hare, “I have
no spare time to help you.”
Indirect: The ox told to the hare
that he had no spare time to help him.
17. I said to Naseem, “If you stand
first in the examination, I shall give you the gift of a wrist watch.”
Indirect: I told Naseem that I would
give him the gift of a wrist watch if he stood first in the examination.
18. The teacher said to the boy,
“You cannot go home unless you finish this work.”
Indirect: The teacher ordered the
boy that he could not go home unless he finished that work.
19. He said, “ I hope it will rain
today.”
Indirect: He said that he hoped it
would rain that day.
20. He said to me, “Tell me this
story from the beginning to the end.”
Indirect: He said me to tell him
that story from beginning to the end
From Imtiazi English Translation For
Higher Classes
IDIOMS
1. A bad debtنہ وصول ہونے والا قرضہ
2. A bad lotبے ایمان شخص
3. A black spotحادثوں والی جگہ
4. A
blue-collar workerمزدور
5. A bottleneckکسی سڑک یا جگہ کا باریک حصہ
6. A cat’s pawآلہ کار۔۔۔۔ قربانی کا بکرا بن جانا
7. A child’s
play خالہ جی کا
گھر
8. A
close-fisted manکنجوس آدمی
9. A cross
bencherایک جگہ نہ ٹکنے والا
10. A drawn
gameبغیہر ہار جیت کھیل
11. A flat
refusalصاف انکار
12. A Freudian
Slipایسی بات جو راز کھول دے
13. A man of
lettersعالم
14. A man of
straw بے راءے
شخص
15. A nail in
one’s coffinتابوت میبں کیل موت کی طرف قدم
16. A pain in
the neckمسلسل تنگ کرنے والا شخص
17. A pretty
kettle of fish
بگڑی ہوءی صورتحال
18. A ruling
passionغالب جذبہ
19. A self-made
manخود ساز شخص
20. A sit-inاحتجاجا بیٹھ جانا
21. A snake in
the grass چھپا
دشمن
22. A thin
excuse ایسا
بہانہ جو متاثر نہ کرے
23. A while lie سفید جھوٹ
24. A yes-man ہاں میں ہاں ملانے
والا
25. Achilles
heelکمزور پہلو
General
Knowledge
Topic: Five
Countries
East Timor:
·
East
Timor or Timor Leste is a small country in Southeast Asia. It was the part of
Indonesia before 1999. It has an area of 15007 square km and population of 1.3
million.
·
It
got independence from Portugal in 1975 but was invaded by Indonesian military.
Separatists became active and UN interfered in conflict between separatists and
Indonesia. It was administered by UN for some time and eventually became
sovereign state in 2002.
·
It
is separated from Australia by Timor Sea
·
Its
capital is Dili. Currency is US Dollar. Official languages are Tetum and
Portuguese.
·
Current
President of East Timor is Francisco Gutterres
·
Fretilin
was the name of Separatist Movement of East Timor
Egypt:
·
Arab
Republic of Egypt is a Muslim Country in Northeast Africa. Egypt is a Mediterranean
country (has coastline along Mediterranean Sea) and also has coastline with Red
Sea. Egypt shares land border with Israel, Sudan and Libya. It has an area of
1010408 square km and population of 100000000 approx.
·
Cairo
is the largest and capital city of Egypt (Also largest city of Africa). Arabic
is the official language of Egypt. Egyptian Pound is its official currency.
·
Egypt
got independence from UK in 1922 (It was
part of Ottoman Empire until 1867). Abdul Fateh Al Sisi is the current
president of Egypt
·
Sinai
Peninsula (Peninsula is a part of land which has water on its three sides) is
the part of Egypt. Suez Canal is in Egypt. 95% surface area of Egypt is covered
by Sahara (The largest desert of the world)
·
99%
population of the country live in only 5% region of the country which is called
Nile Delta. Nile is the longest river in the world present in Egypt.
·
Giza
Pyramid complex in Egypt is the oldest wonder of the world which still exists.
Egypt is an ancient country rich in culture and civilization. Cat was
considered as sacred animal in old Egyptian Civilazation
·
Egypt
fought four battles with Israel. 1948,1956, 1967 and 1973.
·
But
in 1980s Egyptian President Anwar Sadat admitted Israel as a sovereign state.
He was later assassinated.
·
Jamal Abdul Nasir was the president of Egypt.
His funeral prayer’s gathering is considered as the biggest funeral gathering
in the world.
·
Mohammed
Morsi, former President of Egypt died in the custody of Police in 17 June 2019.
·
MENA
(Middle East News Agency) is the news agency of Egypt. GIS or GID is the
intelligence agency of Egypt. It was founded by Jamal Abdul Nasser (He also
nationalize Suez Canal)
Ecuador:
·
Ecuador
is an equatorial country (Countries that lie on Equator [Equator is an
imaginary line drawn on the globe of the earth with cuts it into two equal
hemisphere]) situated in South America
·
Its
official currency is US Dollar. Capital is Quito. Official language is Spanish.
·
Andes
is news agency of Ecuador (as well as South America) SENAIN is intelligence
agency of Ecuador
·
Mount
Chimborazo is the closest point of Earth to the Sun located in Ecuador
·
It
is the only country in the world named after geographical location
Eritrea:
·
It
is a country in Horn of Africa bordered by Red Sea, Djibouti, Ethiopia and
Sudan.
·
Asmara
is the capital of Eritrea. No official language. Nakfa is official currency.
·
It
got independence from Ethiopia in 1993.
·
Dehai
is news agency of Eritrea. Isaias Afwerki is current President
Ethiopia:
·
Ethiopia
is a landlocked country in Horn of Africa. Eritrea and Djibouti was the part of
Ethiopia. Former name of Ethiopia is Abyssinia (Habsha)
·
Addis
Ababa is the capital of Ethiopia. Birr is the currency of Ethiopia. Amharic is
its official language
·
Selah
Ercholo is the current president while Abiy Ahmed is current Prime Minister
·
ENA
is its news agency while INSA or NISS is its intelligence agency
·
Ethiopia
is building a dam on Blue Nile which is a bone of contention between Ethiopia
and Egypt
where is day 14???
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