1st
May 2020 Syllabus
Pak Studies
Lucknow Pact
The Lucknow agreement took a new
twist with change in Muslim League’s political doctrine. The Quaid-e-Azam
inclusion in the Muslim league was a historic event, which gave new direction
to Muslim league’s political struggle. Self-rule for India brought the Muslim
league and the Congress closer to each other. The leaders of the both parties
agreed that they should cooperate with each other to make the British accept
their demands. They acknowledged that the objectives can be achieved if the two
major communities of India forget their differences on petty issues and come
closer to each other to see eye to eye on the important national issues. The political
vicinity had taken a happy turn and ground for cherished Hindu Muslim unity had
been smoothed.
Lucknow pact is considered as a
significant event in the political constitutional history of India. It is
regarded a high water marked of Hindu Muslim unity. It was the first and last
pact signed between Congress and Muslim league.
Reasons
The relations between the British
government and Muslims were tensed because of aggressive and unilateral
policies of the British. The annulment of the partition of Bengal in 1911 was a
jolt for the Muslims of India; consequently it shattered their confidence in
British and brought Muslims closer to Hindus against the British. Similarly the
Kanpur mosque incident and the British policies in the international system had
caused deep anguish among the Muslims. Thus the Muslims leaderships decided to
change the strategy of the Muslim league after the annulment of Bengal in 1911.
In December 1912, Muslim league change its aim from loyalty to form
self-government suitable to India. However, the league retained the right to
modify self-rule in accordance with their needs and requirements.
Jinnah’s Role
Jinnah arose as a devoted
champion of Hindu Muslim unity, he convinced all India Muslim league to change
their policies for the better of India. Muhammad Ali Jinnah in his early career
was a member of both the Congress and the Muslim league and was well known as a
man free of any religious prejudice, as well as a brilliant advocate and
debater. In 1915, mainly due to his efforts, both the Muslim league and the
Congress party had their annual meeting in Bombay. At the end of this meeting,
a committee was formed with the intention to sort the common understanding
between the two communities. The committee prepared a scheme in November, 1916.
The scheme was approved by both the parties in December, 1916 at the respective
sessions at Lucknow. Quaid-e-Azam, in his presidential speech at Lucknow,
said “India’s real progress can only be achieved by a true understanding and
harmonious relations between the two great communities. With regard to our own
affairs, we can depend upon nobody but ourselves.”
Features of the Pact
The congress party agreed to the
right to separate electorate for the Muslims first and last time in the history
of subcontinent. The Hindus conceded that the Muslims would have one third
representation in the imperial legislative council. A weightage formula was
proposed under which the Muslims would get less representation than their
population in the legislative council in those provinces where they were in
majority but more in provinces where they were in minority. The provincial
legislative council will have fourth fifth as elected members and one fifth as
nominated members. The member’s would be elected by the people directly for the
term of five years. In the major provinces the strength of the legislative
councils would be 125 and in the minor provinces the strength would be 50 and
75. The Muslims shall be elected through special electorates and their strength
in the different provinces shall be as: Punjab 50%, Bengal 40%, U.P 30%, Bihar
25%, C.P 15%, Madras 15% and Bombay 33 %.
No bill, nor any clause thereof,
nor a resolution introduces by a non-official member effecting one or other
community shall be presented in the assembly without approval of the concern
group. Provincial autonomy will be given to the province with maximum powers
vested with the provincial council. The provincial council will have authorized
to impose taxes, raise loans, and to vote on budget. All proposals for raising
revenues shall have to be submitted to the provincial council for sanction.
There shall be an executive council in the province headed by the governor
whose half of the member’s shall Indian national elected by the elected members
of the legislative council their term of office shall be five year. The members
of the assemblies shall have the right to present adjournment motion. Seats
were reserved for the Muslims in those provinces in which they were in minority
under the system weightages. Protection shall be given to the Hindus in Muslim
majority provinces. In the centre there shall be and imperial legislative
council consisting of 150 members. Four fifth of the members shall be elected
for a term of five years on the basis of direct election. The Muslims shall be
given 1/3 seats of the elected members and they will be elected by separate
Muslim electorates. The central Government will be headed by the government
will be headed by the Governor General, who would be assisted by an executive
council. Half of the members of the executive council shall be Indians elected
by the elected members of the imperial legislative council.
Importance of the Pact
The Lucknow pact was a great
achievement of Hindu and Muslim leaders, who were successful in offering for
the first and the only time, a mutually acceptable solution of the Hindu Muslim
problem. It appeared as a special significance in the history of India. It was
the Quaid-e-Azam, who had always been a staunch supporter of Hindu-Muslim
unity. The scheme provided for a substantial step taken halfway towards the
establishment of self-rule in India which was main core of the jointly
sponsored scheme of Lucknow pact. The Congress first time accepted the demand
of separate electorate for Muslims. The pact ensured the protection of
political rights of Muslims. Muslim league separate status was also being
accepted. Through the pact the both parties were able to put a joint demand
before the British. Congress got strength in term of political and masses
because it had got All India Muslim League Supports.
It was basically give and take
sort of agreement between the both parties. The Muslims had to pay a big price
of loosing majority in Bengal and Punjab to obtain some concessions. Similarly,
it carried great constitutional significance in the future for many
developments. The scheme of representation of Muslim community in the central
and provincial legislatures as embodied in the Lucknow pact was generally
followed in the Montague Chelmsford reforms.
Conclusion
The agreement was very outstanding and its dreams were fulfilled
the whole political scenario of Indian subcontinent were different. But, it was
impossible to the parties to make a united India. The Hindus and Muslims
are two different nation and they have different culture and civilization.
Therefore the Lucknow Pact failed to make a long lasting cooperation in India
among the Muslims and Hindus.
Exercise 1
ایک دفعہ ایک سوداگر اپنے گھوڑے بیچنے کے لیے میلے میں گیا۔ اس نے
وہاں بہت سا روپیا کمایا۔ اس نے وہ تمام روپیا ایک بڑے سے تھیلے میں ڈالا اور گھر
کی راہ لی۔ جب وہ ایک گھنے جنگل میں سے گزر رہا تھا تو بارش ہونے لگی اور وہ سر
تاپا بھیگ گیا۔ وہ خراب موسم پر بڑبڑانے لگا اور اس نے اللہ کو مورد الزام
ٹھہرایا۔ دفعتا ایک ڈاکو جس کے ہاتھ میں پستول تھا اس کے سامنے آ گیا اور اس سے
تھیلے کا مطالبہ کرنے لگا۔ سوداگر نے اسے اپنا تھیلا دینے سے انکار کر دیا۔ اس پر
ڈاکو نے سوداگر پر گولی چلا دی لیکن بارش کے پانی نے بارود گیلی کر دی تھی اس لیے
پستول نہ چلا۔ سوداگر نے ڈاکو کو مار مار کو ادھ موا کر دیا۔ اس نے اللہ کا شکر
ادا کیا اور بخیر و عافیت گھر پہنچ گیا۔ تب اسے معلوم ہوا کہ بعض اوقات براءی سے
بھلاءی ہوتی ہے۔
Once a merchant went to a fair to
sell his horses. He earned a lot of money there. He put all that money in a big
bag and went to his home. While he was passing through a thick forest it began
to rain and he was drenched from head to foot. He began to grumble at the bad
weather and blamed Allah. All of a sudden a dacoit with a pistol in his hand
came before him and demanded him the bag. The merchant refused to give him his
bag. At this the dacoit fired a shot on the merchant. But the water of rain had
wetted the gunpowder, so the pistol did not go. The merchant beat the dacoit
black and blue. He thanked Allah and reached home safe and sound. Then he came
to know that sometimes good comes out of evil.
Exercise 2
ایک دفعہ ایک مچھیرے نے دریا میں جال ڈالا۔ اتفاق سے ایک چھوٹی سی
مچھلی جال میں پھنس گءی۔ جب مچھیرا اسے اپنی ٹوکری میں ڈالنے لگا تو مچھلی نے اس
سے کہا ًجناب عالی ابھی میں آپ کے کسی کام کی نہیں کیونکہ میں بہت ہی چھوٹی ہوں۔
آپ ابھی مجھے دریا میں ڈال دیں۔ اگلے سال تک میں بڑی ہو جاوں گی۔ پھر بے شک مجھے
پکڑ لیجیے۔ً مچھرے نے کہا ًاس میں کوءی شک نہیں کہ ابھی تم بہت چھوٹی ہو اور اگلے
سال تک بڑی ہو جاو گی لیکن کون جانتا ہےکہ اگلے سال میں تمہیں پکڑ بھی سکوں گا یا
نہیں۔ اس لیے نو نقد اچھے ہیں تیرہ ادھار سے۔ یہ کہہ کر اس نے مچھلی کو ٹوکری میں
ڈال لیا اور اسے گھر لے گیا۔
Once a fisherman cast a net into the
river. By chance a small fish was caught in the net. When the fisherman began
to put it into his basket, the fish said to him, “Sir, I am of no use to you
yet because I am very small. Put me back into the river now. I shall grow big
by the next year. Then you can catch me no doubt.” The fisherman said, “There
is no doubt about it that you are still very small and you will grow big by the
next year. But who knows whether I shall be able to catch you or not the next year.
Therefore, a bird in hand is worth two in the bush.” Saying this he put the
fish into the basket and took it home.
Exercise 3
ایک دفعہ کسی گاوں میں ایک لکڑہارا رہتا تھا۔ ایک روز وہ دریا کے
کنارے ایک درخت کی شاخ کاٹ رہا تھا۔ اتفاق سے اس کا کلھاڑا دریا میں گر پڑا۔ وہ یہ
نقصان برداشت نہیں کر سکتا تھا۔ اس لیے وہ رونے لگا۔ اسی اثنا میں پانی کا دیوتا
مرکری وہاں آ نکلا۔ اس نے لکڑہارےسے پوچھا ًمیرے دوست تم اس طرح کیوں چلا رہے ہو؟ً
لکڑہارے نے جواب دیا ًجناب میرا کلھاڑا دریا میں گر گیا ہے۔ اب میں لکڑیاں نہیں کاٹ
سکتا اور میری بیوی بچے بھوکے مر جاءیں گے۔ً مرکری نے دریا میں غوطہ لگایا اور
سونے کا ایک کلھاڑا لے آیا۔ ًکیا یہ تمھارا کلھاڑا ہے؟ً اس نے لکڑہارے سے پوچھا
لیکن لکڑہارے نے وہ کلھاڑا لینے سے انکار کر دیا۔ تب مرکری ایک چاندی کا کلھاڑا لے
آیا لیکن لکڑہارے نے وہ بھی نہ لیا۔ آخر کار مرکری نے ایک لوہے کا کلھاڑا پانی میں
سے نکالا۔ اسے دیکھتے ہی لکڑہارا خوشی سے چلا اٹھا۔ ًیہی میرا کلھاڑا ہےً۔ مرکری
نے اسے وہ کلھاڑا دے کر کہا ًیہ دونوں کلھاڑے بھی تمہارے ہی ہیں یہ تمہاری دیانت
داری کا انعام ہے۔ کیونکہ ایمانداری سب سے اچھی حکمت عملی ہے۔ً
Once a woodcutter lived in a
village. One day he was cutting the branch of a tree on the bank of a river. By
chance his axe fell into the river. He could not bear this loss, so he began to
weep. Meanwhile there appeared the god of water Mercury. He asked the
woodcutter, “My friend! Why are you crying in this way?” The woodcutter
answered, “Sir, my axe has fallen into the river. Now I cannot cut wood, and my
wife and children will die of hunger.” Mercury dived into the river and brought
out a golden axe. “Is this your axe?” he asked the woodcutter. But the
woodcutter refused to take that axe. Then Mercury brought out a silver axe, but
the woodcutter did not take it also.
At last Mercury brought out an iron
axe from the water. Seeing it the woodcutter began to shout with joy, “this is
mine.” Mercury gave him that axe and said, “These two axes are also yours. They
are a reward of your honesty, because “honesty is the best policy.”
Exercise 4
ایک دفعہ ایک شہد کی مکھی ندی میں گر پڑی۔ اس نے پانی سے باہر آنے کی
بہت کوشش کی لیکن طاقت ور لہر اسے اپنے ساتھ بہا لے گءی۔ اتفاق سے ایک فاختہ نے
اسے دیکھا اور ترس کھا کر ایک پتا اس کے پاس پھینک دیا۔ شہد کی مکھی اس پتے پر چڑھ
گءی۔ جب اس کے پر سوکھ گءے تو وہ اڑ گءی۔ چند روز کے بعد وہی فاختہ اپنے گھونسلے
میں بیٹھی تھی۔ ایک شکاری نے اسے دیکھا اور اس پر نشانہ باندھا اسی شہد کی مکھی نے
شکاری کو دیکھ لیا۔ وہ آکر اس کے ہاتھ پر بیٹھ گءی اور اس زور سے اس کے ہاتھ پر
ڈنک مارا کہ بندوق چل گءی لیکن اس کا نشانہ خطا گیا۔ فاختہ نے جب شور سنا تو اس نے
شہد کی مکھی کا شکریہ ادا کیا کیونکہ اس نے اس کی جان بچاءی تھی۔ اس کہانی کا سبق
یہ ہے کہ ًکر بھلا ہو بھلاً۔ً
Once a bee fell into a stream. It
tried very much to come out of water, but a strong current wave washed it away.
By chance a dove saw it and taking pity on it threw a leaf near it. The bee
mounted on that leaf. When its wings dried, it flew away. After a few days the
same dove was sitting in her nest. A hunter saw her and aimed at her. The bee
saw the hunter. It flew and sat on his hand and stung so strongly on his hand
that the gun went off but he missed his aim. When the dove heard the noise, she
thanked the bee because it saved her life. The moral of this story is that “do
good and have good.”
From Imtiazi
English Translation For Higher Classes
Synonyms/Antonyms
|
Sr. No.
|
Words
|
Synonyms
|
Antonyms
|
|
1
|
Bogus
|
Fake
|
Genuine
|
|
2
|
Bold
|
Brave
|
Timid
|
|
3
|
Boldness
|
Bravery
|
Timidity
|
|
4
|
Bravery
|
Boldness
|
Cowardice
|
|
5
|
Breathe
|
Respire
|
Exhale
|
|
6
|
Brief
|
Concise
|
Long
|
|
7
|
Bright
|
Luminous
|
Dull
|
|
8
|
Brutal
|
Callous
|
Gentle
|
|
9
|
Callous
|
Brutal
|
Tender
|
|
10
|
Calm
|
Serene
|
Stormy
|
|
11
|
Candid
|
Frank
|
Devious
|
|
12
|
Capability
|
Ability
|
Incapability
|
|
13
|
Careless
|
Negligent
|
Prudent
|
|
14
|
Cause
|
Source
|
Effect
|
|
15
|
Challenger
|
Adversary
|
Ally
|
|
16
|
Chaos
|
Turmoil
|
Order
|
|
17
|
Change
|
Alter
|
Remain
|
|
18
|
Cheat
|
Deceive
|
Guide
|
|
19
|
Cheer
|
Encourage
|
Depress
|
|
20
|
Cheerful
|
Jovial
|
Gloomy
|
|
21
|
Chilly
|
Frosty
|
Warm
|
|
22
|
Chronic
|
Dreadful
|
Excellent
|
|
23
|
Civil
|
Suave
|
Churlish
|
|
24
|
Clear
|
Transparent
|
Dull
|
|
25
|
Cold
|
Cool
|
Warm
|
|
26
|
Communion
|
Dialogue
|
Dissociation
|
|
27
|
Competitor
|
Rival
|
Partner
|
|
28
|
Complete
|
Whole
|
Incomplete
|
|
29
|
Complexity
|
Complication
|
Simplicity
|
|
30
|
Comprehend
|
Understand
|
Exclude
|
My Seventeenth Day Preparation According to My Schedule
General
Knowledge
Topic: Five
Countries
Hungary:
·
Hungary
is a landlocked country in Europe. It has an area of 93000 square km approx and
population of 10000000 approx.
·
Budapest
is the capital of Hungary situated at the bank of Danube River, the second
largest river of Europe. Forint is its currency while Hungarian is its official
language.
·
Austro-Hungarian
Empire collapsed after WW-I and current boundaries of Hungary were defined.
Current PM of Hungary is Victor Orban
·
NBH
is intelligence agency of Hungary while MTI is its news agency
·
Budapest
is also knows for Ruin of Aquincum. It was the capital of Pannonia Province of
Roman Empire. Orszaggyules is the name of Parliament of Hungary
Iceland:
·
Iceland
is an island country in Europe sharing maritime border with Greenland
(Denmark). It has an area of 101000 square km approx while population 370000
approx. It is one of the most least dense populated country of the world
·
Reykjavik
is the capital of Iceland. Icelandic Krona is the official currency of Iceland
while Icelandic is its official language
·
Katrin
Jacobsdottir is the PM of Iceland and Althing is the name of Parliament of
Iceland
·
Iceland
is considered as the most peaceful country in the world as it does not have
even its army.
·
Formerly
Iceland was called as Thule. It is also called as land of fire and ice
India:
·
India
(Bharat) is the second largest country in the world with respect to population
having population more than 1350000000 approx. It covers an area of 3287263
square km.
·
New
Delhi is the capital of India. Hindi and English are official languages. Indian
Rupee is official currency
·
India
got independence from UK in 15th August 1947. Current Prime minister
of India is Narendra Modi and current President is Ram Nath Kovind
·
Formerly
India was known as Jambudvipa. India has 28 states
·
Lok
Sabha is the national assembly of India while Rajya Sabha is its Senate
·
India
shares its borders with China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Pakistan.
India also shares its maritime border with Sri Lanka.
·
Hinduism
is the largest religion of India and the oldest religion of the world. There
are almost 15% Muslims Population in India.
·
PTI,
IANS are Indian news agencies while RAW (Research and Analysis Wing) and IB
(Intelligence Beauru) are intelligence
agencies of India
·
General
Manoj Mukund is the current Army chief of Indian Army. Indian Army seized
Kashmir since August 2019
·
Mumbai
is the largest city of India. Taj Mahal in Agra is one of the Mysteries in the
world
·
Kumbh
Mela is the largest gathering of the world. In 2011, almost 75 million people
were gathered in Kumbh Mela
·
Khasi
Hills, Meghalya in India received largest rain in the world
·
Science
Day in Switzerland is dedicated to Ex President of India Abdul Kalam Azad
·
Brahmaputra
is the largest and longest river of India. Delhi is situated at the bank of
Yamuna River. Ganges River is considered as the Holy river of India. The sacred
city of Banaras is situated at the bank of Ganges River
·
India
is at the third in the list of those countries who spend a lot of his budget in
Defense
·
India
sent a project to the moon called Chandarayan-II which had to be landed on the
surface of Moon in july 22, 2019
·
National
Symbol of India is endangered Bengal Tiger. Kachenjunga is the third highest
mountain of the world located at the border of India and Nepal
·
Boundary
between India and Pakistan is called Durand Line. Boundary between Sialkot,
Shakargarh in Pakistan and Indian Held Kashmir is called Working Boundary. Line
drawn between Azad Kashmir and Occupied Kashmir is called Line of Control
·
India
fought a battle against China in 1962 over Tibet Plateau
·
Indian
states Punjab, Gujarat and Rajasthan share border with Pakistan
Indonesia:
·
Indonesia
is a Muslim Country in South Eastern Asia with a population of 28000000 approx
and area of 1920000 square km approx.
·
Indonesia
is the largest Muslim country in the world by Population having 230 million
Muslims. It is the 4th most populated country of the world
·
Jakarta
is its capital. Indonesian is its official language. Indonesian Rupiah is its
official currency.
·
It
got independence from Japanese in August 1945 as it was occupied by Japanese
during World War II in 1942. After that Indonesia fought Gorilla war against
Dutch which remained until 1949 when they actually earn freedom. Earlier it was
under the govt of Netherlands (Holland) and called as Dutch East Indies.
Pakistan helped in Indonesian Gorilla War.
·
MPR
is the name of its Parliament while Joko Widodo is the current President of
Indonesia
·
It
is the country having the largest number of islands in the world. It consists
of almost more than 20000 islands. Sumatra is the largest Island in Indonesia
·
Tsunami
hit Indonesia in 2004 which resulted deaths of 220000 approx. It was the
largest death toll in the history of the world by a natural disaster
·
Nusantra
and East Indies are other names of Indonesia
·
BIN
(Bejan Inteligen Negara) is the secret agency of Indonesia. Antara is the news
agency of Indonesia
·
Former
Indonesian President Suhatro is considered as the most corrupt leader of the
history
·
Indonesia
has the second largest coastline after Canada. Indonesia has the largest youth
population of the world
·
The
Grasberg mine in Indonesia is the largest gold mine in the world. It is the
third largest copper mine of the world
·
Indonesia
and Monaco have the same flag.
·
Sukarno,
the former President of Indonesia gave highest civil award to MA Jinnah of
Pakistan due to his support in their freedom movement
Ireland:
·
Republic
of Ireland is the five-sixth parts of the Ireland Island. One-sixth part is controlled
by UK and is named as Northern Ireland
·
Ireland
got independence from UK in 1919. Currently Prime minister of Ireland is Leo
Varadkar. In Irish language prime minister is called as Taoiseach. Oireachtas
is the name of Parliament of Ireland. Seanad is upper house (Senate) while Dail
is lower house (national assembly)
·
Dublin
is the capital of Ireland. Euro is its official currency. Irish and English are
its official languages. Famous Poet and Philosopher George Bernard Shaw was an
Irish.
·
It
covers an area of 70000 square km and population is 5000000 approx
·
Ireland
is derived from Eriu or Eire which is the name of Gaelic Goddess
·
D J2
is the secret agency of Ireland while RTE is the news agency of Ireland
·
It
is also known as Emerald Isle due to its greenery and heavy rain\
·
Shannon
is the largest river in Ireland
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