2nd May
2020 Syllabus
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Pak Studies
Allahbad Sermon
1930
In this address, Allama
Iqbal gave the lucid explanation of the inner feeling of the Muslims of India.
He narrated the basic principles of the Islam and loyalties of the Muslims to
their faith. He gave the idea and concept about a separate homeland in this
address because the Muslim were a nation and had a right that they got the
identification and passed their lives in order to the Islamic principles. Due
to these reasons, he expressed his thoughts in this address.
There were many reasons which caused Muslims to think about the separate homeland and compelled to protect the rights of the Muslim. There was a two branched attack on the Muslim interests. On the one side, Hindus were creating the restrictions in the way of the Muslim and hurting the feeling of the Muslim to propose the Nehru report as the ultimate constitution for India. On the other side, the British government totally ignored the Muslim’s rights and other facilities were not being provided to them. They were ignored in every field of life, especially in education and government.
In that critical condition, Allama Muhammad Iqbal realized that these eccentric problems of the Muslims in North West India needed to be addressed. In order to solve these problems, Allama Iqbal pointed a line of action.
In his address, Allama Iqbal explained that Islam was the major and determining factor in the life of Indian Muslims. He defined the Muslims of India as a nation and recommended there could be no possibility of peace in India without recognizing them as one. Unless the Muslims are considered as a nation and their rights are protected, it is impossible to establish peace and order in the land. Because there are many nations in the land, every nation is distinguished from the other in their customs, traditions and religion. The difference in the mind, difference in thoughts and religion furthermore, difference in the customs and tradition make them unable to live together. So in these condition, it is essential that Muslim have a separate homeland as without a separate homeland they might face many difficulties for the rest of their life in united India.
As the permanent solution to the Muslim Hindus problem, Iqbal proposed that Punjab, North West Frontier province, Baluchistan, and Sindh should be converted into one state. He expressed that the northwestern part of the country should be established to unite as a self-governed unit, within or without the British Empire.
Islam and Nationalism
In his address, Allama Iqbal explained that Islam was the major formative factor in the life history of Indian Muslims. It furnished those basic emotions and loyalties, which gradually unify scattered individuals and groups and finally transform them into a well-defined people, possessing a moral consciousness of their own.
He defined the Muslims of India as a nation and suggested that there could be no possibility of peace in the country unless and until they were recognized as a nation. He claimed that the only way for the Muslims and Hindus to prosper in accordance with their respective cultural values was under a federal system where Muslim majority units were given the same privileges that were to be given to the Hindu majority units. In this section, Iqbal addressed the idea the Islam and nationalism. Islam is a way of life in which the Muslims spend their lives with peace and harmony, it gives the principles to regulate and organize life and also form the identification of a separate nation within the Muslim psyche. Islam provides the Muslims with a separate identification and distinguishes them from others because its customs and traditions are different from other religions and this faith stresses upon monotheism and acceptance of the Holy Prophet’s principles.
As far as nationalism is concerned, it can be said that nationalism comes through Islam in Muslims, Islam provides a different way of life. Although Islam is a religion yet it declares the rules and regulations about the different aspects of life. On the other hand, Europeans considered Islam as a private affair and thought that Islam should not guide political conditions. Whereas Iqbal explained that Islam was not a private matter, the demand of separate homeland was based on Islam as it did not neglect the common life. “Man,” says Renan “is enslaved neither by his race nor by his religion, nor by the course of rivers, nor by the direction of mountain ranges. A great aggregation of men, sane of mind and warm of heart, creates a moral consciousness which is called a nation.”
The question of unity
In this section of his speech, Iqbal narrated the principle of unity and whether unity in different nations was possible or not. According to Iqbal’s point of view, there are many nations in this sub-continent and every nation has its own social, political, and religious structure. Without partition, establishment of peace and order in this land is impossible; nevertheless they can pass their lives with peace. One reason is that one nation does not accept the customs and traditions of other nations and consider them lower. This thing expressed that peace and harmony can be established but only after the division of the Indian sub-continent to facilitate the Muslims to implement their religion.
Muslim Indians within India
The unity of nations is not only territorial as is believed by European countries. India is a continent of human groups belonging to the different races, speaking different languages, and professing different religions. Their behavior is not at all determined by a common race consciousness.
Conclusion
As a permanent solution of the problems was that division of continent was essential in the sight of Iqbal that is why Allama Iqbal presented his ideas in this speech.
There were many reasons which caused Muslims to think about the separate homeland and compelled to protect the rights of the Muslim. There was a two branched attack on the Muslim interests. On the one side, Hindus were creating the restrictions in the way of the Muslim and hurting the feeling of the Muslim to propose the Nehru report as the ultimate constitution for India. On the other side, the British government totally ignored the Muslim’s rights and other facilities were not being provided to them. They were ignored in every field of life, especially in education and government.
In that critical condition, Allama Muhammad Iqbal realized that these eccentric problems of the Muslims in North West India needed to be addressed. In order to solve these problems, Allama Iqbal pointed a line of action.
In his address, Allama Iqbal explained that Islam was the major and determining factor in the life of Indian Muslims. He defined the Muslims of India as a nation and recommended there could be no possibility of peace in India without recognizing them as one. Unless the Muslims are considered as a nation and their rights are protected, it is impossible to establish peace and order in the land. Because there are many nations in the land, every nation is distinguished from the other in their customs, traditions and religion. The difference in the mind, difference in thoughts and religion furthermore, difference in the customs and tradition make them unable to live together. So in these condition, it is essential that Muslim have a separate homeland as without a separate homeland they might face many difficulties for the rest of their life in united India.
As the permanent solution to the Muslim Hindus problem, Iqbal proposed that Punjab, North West Frontier province, Baluchistan, and Sindh should be converted into one state. He expressed that the northwestern part of the country should be established to unite as a self-governed unit, within or without the British Empire.
Islam and Nationalism
In his address, Allama Iqbal explained that Islam was the major formative factor in the life history of Indian Muslims. It furnished those basic emotions and loyalties, which gradually unify scattered individuals and groups and finally transform them into a well-defined people, possessing a moral consciousness of their own.
He defined the Muslims of India as a nation and suggested that there could be no possibility of peace in the country unless and until they were recognized as a nation. He claimed that the only way for the Muslims and Hindus to prosper in accordance with their respective cultural values was under a federal system where Muslim majority units were given the same privileges that were to be given to the Hindu majority units. In this section, Iqbal addressed the idea the Islam and nationalism. Islam is a way of life in which the Muslims spend their lives with peace and harmony, it gives the principles to regulate and organize life and also form the identification of a separate nation within the Muslim psyche. Islam provides the Muslims with a separate identification and distinguishes them from others because its customs and traditions are different from other religions and this faith stresses upon monotheism and acceptance of the Holy Prophet’s principles.
As far as nationalism is concerned, it can be said that nationalism comes through Islam in Muslims, Islam provides a different way of life. Although Islam is a religion yet it declares the rules and regulations about the different aspects of life. On the other hand, Europeans considered Islam as a private affair and thought that Islam should not guide political conditions. Whereas Iqbal explained that Islam was not a private matter, the demand of separate homeland was based on Islam as it did not neglect the common life. “Man,” says Renan “is enslaved neither by his race nor by his religion, nor by the course of rivers, nor by the direction of mountain ranges. A great aggregation of men, sane of mind and warm of heart, creates a moral consciousness which is called a nation.”
The question of unity
In this section of his speech, Iqbal narrated the principle of unity and whether unity in different nations was possible or not. According to Iqbal’s point of view, there are many nations in this sub-continent and every nation has its own social, political, and religious structure. Without partition, establishment of peace and order in this land is impossible; nevertheless they can pass their lives with peace. One reason is that one nation does not accept the customs and traditions of other nations and consider them lower. This thing expressed that peace and harmony can be established but only after the division of the Indian sub-continent to facilitate the Muslims to implement their religion.
Muslim Indians within India
The unity of nations is not only territorial as is believed by European countries. India is a continent of human groups belonging to the different races, speaking different languages, and professing different religions. Their behavior is not at all determined by a common race consciousness.
Conclusion
As a permanent solution of the problems was that division of continent was essential in the sight of Iqbal that is why Allama Iqbal presented his ideas in this speech.
Exercise 1
ایک دفعہ ایک لومڑ اور ایک سارس میں گہرا یارانہ تھا۔ ایک روز لومڑ کو
شرارت سوجھی اور اس نے سارس کو دعوت پر بلایا۔ جب وہ آ پہنچا تو لومڑ نے ایک چوڑی
تھالی میں شوربا ڈال کر اس کے سامنے رکھ دیا۔ سارس نے شوربا پینے کی بہت کوشش کی
لیکن بے سود اور وہ بھوکا ہی واپس آ گیا۔ ایک روز سارس نے بھی لومڑ کو دعوت پر
بلایا۔ اس نے بھنا ہوا قیمہ ایک تنگ منہ والی بوتل میں ڈال کر اس کے سامنے رکھ
دیا۔ قیمہ دیکھ کر لومڑ کے منہ میں پانی بھر آیا۔ اس نے قیمہ کھانے کی بہت کوشش کی
لیکن وہ ناکام رہا۔ آخر کار اس نے بوتل کو باہر سے چاٹنا شروع کر دیا اور سارس
سارا قیمہ کھا گیا۔ اس کہانی کا سبق ہے ًادلے کا بدلہً
Once a fox and a crane were fast
friends. One day the fox hit upon a mischief and he invited the crane. When he
arrived, the fox offered him soup in a flat dish. The crane tried his best to
drink the soup but in vain, and he came back hungry. One day the crane also
invited the fox. He offered him the roast minced meat in a narrow-necked
bottle. The fox’s mouth watered on seeing the minced meat. He tried his best to
eat the minced meat but failed. At last he began to lick the bottle from
outside and the crane ate all the minced meat. The moral of this story is that
“tit for tat.”
Exercise 2
ایک دفعہ ایک کنجوس کسی پہاڑی کی چوٹی پر بیٹھا تھا۔ اس کی جیبیں بھنے
ہوءے چنوں سے بھری ہوءی تھیں۔ وہ ایک ایک کر کے چنے اپنے منہ میں ڈال رہا تھا۔
اتفاق سے ایک چنا اس کے منہ میں گرنے کی بجاءے زمین پر گر گیا۔ کنجوس کے لیے وہ
نقصان ناقابل برداشت تھا۔ اس نے وہ چنا حاصل کرنے کے لیے زمین پر چھلانگ لگا دی۔
اسے چنا تو نہ ملا البتہ اسکی ٹانگ ٹوٹ گءی۔ سچ ہے کہ ًلالچ ایک لعنت ہےً
Once a miser was sitting on the top
of a hill. His pockets were full of baked grams. He was putting the grams into
his mouth one by one. By chance a gram fell down instead of his mouth. The loss
was unbearable for the miser. He jumped down to get that gram. He did not find
that gram, however he broke his leg. It is true that “greed is a curse.”
Exercise 3
ایک دفعہ ایک آدمی کسی جلسے میں گیا۔ اس نے پھٹے پرانے کپڑے پہنے ہوءے
تھے۔ اس لیے کسی نے اسے اپنے پاس نہ بیٹھنے دیا۔ نہ کسی نے اس سے دعا سلام کہی۔ وہ
ایک کونے میں بیٹھ گیا۔ جب جلسہ ختم ہوا تو وہ شخص اپنے گھر لوٹ آیا۔ اگلے روز اس
شخص نے نءے اور قیمتی کپڑے پہنے اور جلسے میں گیا۔ سب لوگوں نے اس کی بہت عزت کی
اور اسے سٹیج پر جگہ دی۔اس سے ثابت ہوتا ہے کہ اچھا لباس انسان کی زینت ہے۔
Once a man went to a meeting. He was
ragged. Therefore no person allowed him to sit beside him nor greeted him. He
sat in a corner. When the meeting came to an end, the person returned to him
home. The next day he wore new and costly clothes and went to the meeting. All
the people respected him very much and gave him a place on the stage. It proves
that a good dress is an adornment of man.
Exercise 4
میرا قلم آپ کے قلم سے بڑھیا تھا۔ اس گاوں کے زیادہ تر لوگ ان پڑھ
تھے۔ شاہان ایک ہونہار لڑکا تھا۔ کیا وہ کچھ اونچا سنتا تھا؟ دو بچنے میں پانچ منٹ
تھے۔ وہ ایک مخلص دوست نہ تھا۔ میں بالکل قصوروار نہ تھا۔ کیا کل شدید سردی تھی؟
دریا طغیانی پر نہ تھا۔ ٹکٹ گھر کے سامنے بہت بھیڑ تھی۔
1.
My
was superior to yours. 2. Most of the people of that village were illiterate.
3. Shahan was a promising boy. 4. Was he a bit hard of hearing? 5. It was five
to two. 6. He was not a sincere friend. 7. I was not at all guilty. 8. Was it
intense cold yesterday? 9. The river was not in flood. 10. There was a great
rush before the booking office.
From Imtiazi
English Translation For Higher Classes
Synonyms/Antonyms
Sr. No.
|
Words
|
Synonyms
|
Antonyms
|
1
|
Compress
|
Compact
|
Expand
|
2
|
Compulsory
|
Necessary
|
Coaxing
|
3
|
Conceive
|
Imagine
|
Ignore
|
4
|
Concentration
|
Attention
|
Distraction
|
5
|
Confidence
|
Trust
|
Doubt
|
6
|
Confuse
|
Puzzle
|
Enlighten
|
7
|
Congestion
|
Blocking
|
Clearance
|
8
|
Conjecture
|
Guess
|
Deduce
|
9
|
Conquer
|
Beat
|
Surrender
|
10
|
Conscious
|
Aware
|
Unconscious
|
11
|
Consent
|
Agree
|
Refuse
|
12
|
Contemplate
|
Behold
|
Ignore
|
13
|
Contemporary
|
Coexistent
|
Ancient
|
14
|
Contemptible
|
Despicable
|
Noble
|
15
|
Continue
|
Persist
|
Stop
|
16
|
Contrary
|
Opposite
|
Like
|
17
|
Control
|
Manage
|
Free
|
18
|
Correct
|
Accurate
|
Incorrect
|
19
|
Coup
|
Exploit
|
Failure
|
20
|
Couple
|
Join
|
Separate
|
21
|
Courteous
|
Polite
|
Impolite
|
22
|
Covet
|
Crave
|
Despise
|
23
|
Crave
|
Desire
|
Spurn
|
24
|
Cunning
|
Crafty
|
Artless
|
25
|
Customary
|
Fashionable
|
Unusual
|
26
|
Cut
|
Chop
|
Join
|
27
|
Damage
|
Harm
|
Repair
|
28
|
Dangerous
|
Perilous
|
Safe
|
29
|
Daring
|
Dauntless
|
Timorous
|
30
|
Darkness
|
Dimness
|
Light
|
My Eighteenth Day Preparation According to My Schedule
General
Knowledge
Topic: Five
Countries
Iran:
·
Iran
(Islamic Republic of Iran) is a Neighbouring Muslim country of Pakistan located
at the Western Side of Pakistan. Persia is the old name of Iran (till 1935)
·
Tehran
is the capital of Iran. Iranian Ryal is its official currency. Persian is its
official language
·
Revolution
of Iran came in 1979 when the last King of Iran Reza Shah Pehalvi was forced to
abdicate. The leader of Revolution was Ruhullah Khomeini
·
Current
Supreme Leader of Iran is Ayatullah Ali Khamenei and current President Iran is
Hassan Rouhani
·
Iran
has an area of 1600000 square km approx while population of Iran is 82000000
approx.
·
IRNA
is the news agency of Iran while secret agency of Iran is named as Ministry of
Intelligence
·
Iran
shares borders with Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Iraq,
Azerbaijan and Armenia.
·
Strait
of Hormuz is controlled by Iran. Almost 21% of World Oil is delivered through
this path
·
Iran
has no good relations with other Gulf countries except Qatar
·
Disputed
territories between Iran and UAE are islands of Abu Musa, Lesser Tunb and
Greater Tunb
·
Hizbolah
is supported by Iran in Syrian Proxy War
·
General
Qasim Suleimani was died in 3rd January 2020 near Baghdad
International Airport Iraq
·
Pasdaran-e-Inqilab
is the name of Army of Iran. Islamic Consultative Assembly or Majlise Shura
Islami is the parliament of Iran
Iraq:
·
Iraq
is a country in Middle East with an area of 437000 square km and population
40000000 approx.
·
Baghdad
is the capital of Iraq. Dinar is its currency. Arabic is its official language
·
It
got independence from UK in October 1932 and current Prime minister is Adil
Abdul Mehdi. Barham Salih is President of Iraq
·
Council
of Representatives is the Parliament of Iraq. IIS is secret agency of Iraq
while NINA is its official news agency
·
Hanging
Gardens of Babylonians (still not exist) are considered as one of the mystery
of the world
·
ISIS
(Daesh) De facto headquarter is located in Iraq. Saddam Hussein was the
President of Iraq who was killed in 2006
·
USA
invaded in Iraq in 2003. Iraq Kuwait war was fought in 1990
Israel:
·
Israel
is the only non-Muslim country in the Middle East. A Jewish State was declared in
Palestine in 1948 with first Arab-Israel War.
·
Hebrew
it its Official language. New Shekel is the currency of Israel. Israel declared
Jerusalem as its capital but most of the countries in the world did not admit
it. Tel Aviv was the former capital of Israel
·
Four
Battles have been fought between Arab countries and Israel
·
Benjamin
Netanyahu is the current Prime Minister of Israel. Knesset is the name of
Parliament of Israel.
·
Israel
shares borders with Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and Egypt. A small strip of Palestine
exists inside the country. Israel has coastline with Mediterranean Sea. Haifa
is the main port of Israel
·
MOSSAD
and Shin Bet are the intelligence agencies of Israel. Haaretz is the news
agency of Israel
·
Israeli
Scientists Publish more research papers than any other country in the world
·
Pakistan
still does not admit Israel as a sovereign state.
Italy:
·
Italy
is a country in Southern Europe with an area of 300000 square km approx. and
Population of 60000000 approx.
·
Rome
is the capital City which is also called City of Seven Hills. Italian is its
official language. Euro is its official currency
·
There
are two small states within Italy, San Marino and Vatican City
·
Italy
shares borders with France, Switzerland, Slovenia and Austria. Famous Island
Sicily is in Italy.
·
Italy
has world’s eight highest GDP
·
Famous
dictator Mussolini belonged to Italy who ruled over Italy from 1925 to 1945. He
was an ally of Hitler in World War II
·
Famous
Tourist Christopher Columbus was an Italian
·
AISE
which was formerly known as SISMI is the intelligence agency of Italy while
ANSA is news agency of the country
·
Italy
is the only country who took part in World War II from both sides
·
Giuseppe
Conte is the current Prime minister of Italy. Italy reunified in 1861. Former
name of Italy was Vitalia.
·
The
Circus Maximus is the oldest stadium in the world exists in Italy. Mont Blanc,
the highest mountain in the Europe lies between the border of Italy and France
in the range of Alps (A mountainous range in Europe)
Jamaica:
·
Jamaica
is an island country in Caribbean Sea. Kingston is its capital
·
English
is the official language while Jamaican Dollar is its currency
·
Famous
Athlete Usain Bolt who is considered as the fastest man on the earth belonged
to Jamaica
·
Xaymaca
is the former name of Jamaica. Jamaica is under Elizabeth II.
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